|
|
|
| Registros recuperados: 15 | |
|
| |
|
|
| Pardey, Philip G.; Alston, Julian M.; Chan-Kang, Connie; Magalhaes, Eduardo Castelo; Vosti, Stephen A.. |
| In general, reported rates of return to agricultural R&D are high, but questions have been raised about upward biases in the evidence. Among the reasons for this bias, insufficient attention to attribution aspects-matching of research benefits and costs-is a pervasive problem, the magnitude of which is illustrated here with new evidence for Brazil. Over the period 1981 to 2003, varietal improvements in upland rice, edible beans, and soybeans yielded benefits attributable to research of $14.8 billion in present value (1999 prices) terms; 6.1 percent of the corresponding value of crop output. If all of those benefits were attributed to Embrapa, a public research corporation accounting for more than half Brazil's agricultural R&D spending, the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Brazil; Agricultural R&D; Attribution; Soybeans; Rice; Beans; Benefit-cost ratios; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies. |
| Ano: 2002 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16103 |
| |
|
|
| Pardey, Philip G.; Alston, Julian M.; Chan-Kang, Connie; Magalhaes, Eduardo Castelo; Vosti, Stephen A.. |
| As the number and variety of interconnected sources of agricultural innovations have continued to grow and evolve, so too have the demands for meaningful evidence of both the total payoff and the specific impacts of individual research providers. Important policy and practical funding decisions require a clear understanding of the shares of the overall benefits from investments in R&D attributable to domestic versus foreign and public versus private agencies, or even to individual agencies, as well as the total benefits accruing from innovation. This report provides a detailed economic assessment of the magnitude and sources of the economic benefits to Brazil since the early 1980s from varietal improvements in upland rice, edible beans, and... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Research; Brazil; Economic aspects; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37894 |
| |
|
|
| Pardey, Philip G.; Roseboom, Johannes; Beintema, Nienke M.; Chan-Kang, Connie. |
| Spending per scientist declined precipitously within African agricultural R&D agencies over the past several decades. In 1991, average cost per researcher across 147 R&D agencies was $119,300 in 1985 international dollars–or US$59,500 when measured in United States rather than international dollars—34 percent below the corresponding 1961 figure. This trend reflects the rapid growth in numbers of scientific staff compared with the slow growth in funds to support them. Comparatively low, and often shrinking, real salaries per scientist are a factor too. African scientists were paid an average of US$5,000 in 1991 (or roughly US$7,500 with fringe benefits included), while comparable average salaries for academic staff working in large public... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies. |
| Ano: 1999 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16055 |
| |
|
|
| Pardey, Philip G.; Alston, Julian M.; Chan-Kang, Connie; Magalhaes, Eduardo Castelo; Vosti, Stephen A.. |
| In general, reported rates of return to agricultural R&D are high, but questions have been raised about upward biases in the evidence. Among the reasons for this bias, insufficient attention to attribution aspects-matching of research benefits and costs-is a pervasive problem, the magnitude of which is illustrated here with new evidence for Brazil. Over the period 1981 to 2003, varietal improvements in upland rice, edible beans, and soybeans yielded benefits attributable to research of $14.8 billion in present value (1999 prices) terms; 6.1 percent of the corresponding value of crop output. If all of those benefits were attributed to Embrapa, a public research corporation accounting for more than half Brazil's agricultural R&D spending, the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Brazil; Agricultural R&D; Attribution; Soybeans; Rice; Beans; Benefit-cost ratios; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies. |
| Ano: 2002 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14422 |
| |
|
|
| Alston, Julian M.; Pardey, Philip G.; Chan-Kang, Connie; Magalhaes, Eduardo Castelo; Vosti, Stephen A.. |
| In general, reported rates of return to agricultural R&D are high, but questions have been raised about upward biases in the evidence. Among the reasons for this bias, insufficient attention to attribution aspects-matching of research benefits and costs-is a pervasive problem, the magnitude of which is illustrated here with new evidence for Brazil. Over the period 1981 to 2003, varietal improvements in upland rice, edible beans, and soybeans yielded benefits attributable to research of $14.8 billion in present value (1999 prices) terms; 6.1 percent of the corresponding value of crop output. If all of those benefits were attributed to Embrapa, a public research corporation accounting for more than half Brazil's agricultural R&D spending, the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Brazil; Agricultural R&D; Attribution; Soybeans; Rice; Beans; Benefit-cost ratios; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14017 |
| |
|
|
| Chan-Kang, Connie; Fan, Shenggen; Qian, Keming. |
| The objective of this paper is to assess the economic and poverty impact of wheat research in China and the contribution of CIMMYT. Our results show that wheat research conducted by China and CIMMYT contributed significantly to increases in wheat production in China. These research benefits amounted respectively to 1.1 billion and 6.1 billion US dollars (measured in 2000 constant price) in 1982 and 1998. These represent 11.9 to 22.7 percent of the total value of wheat production. The impact of CIMMYT breeding research through direct sowing or use as breeding material is not very significant in China. However, these results may mask important variations across provinces within China. Offspring of CIMMYT varieties are mostly planted in Southwestern and... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/22185 |
| |
|
|
| Fan, Shenggen; Chan-Kang, Connie; Qian, Keming; Krishnaiah, K.. |
| The study attempts to measure the total benefits from rice varietal improvement research in China and India using variety adoption and performance data over the last two decades. It then uses genetic or pedigree information to partition the total benefits between these two countries and IRRI. Finally, the study uses reported elasticity of poverty reduction with respect to agricultural output growth to assess the effects of national and international research on poverty reduction in rural India and China. The results indicate that rice varietal improvement research has contributed tremendously to increase in rice production, accounting for 14-23 percent of total production value over the last two decades in both countries. Rice research has also helped... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16098 |
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
| Fan, Shenggen; Chan-Kang, Connie. |
| Since 1978, China has adopted a series of economic reforms leading to rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at about 9 percent per annum from 1978 to 2002, while per capita income increased by 8 percent per annum. The post-reform period was also characterized by an unprecedented decline in poverty. However, income inequality has worsened between coastal and interior provinces as well as between rural and urban areas. A number of factors contributed to this widening disparity in regional development in China, including differences in natural resources endowments, and infrastructure and human capital development. When the policy reforms began in 1978, China was poorly endowed with transportation... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty; International Development. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60182 |
| |
|
| |
|
|
| Fan, Shenggen; Chan-Kang, Connie; Mukherjee, Anit. |
| The rural and urban sectors of an economy are interconnected economically, financially, and socially. Ideally, resources such as capital and labor should move freely between these two sectors. In an undistorted economy, marginal returns to production factors should be equal. As a result, labor productivity and consequently per capita income should be the same. Many have argued that there should not be any distinction between rural and urban sectors. Indeed, there has been a growing interest in the development literature on the linkages between rural and urban development (DfID 2003). However, the relationship between urban and rural sectors in many developing countries is still characterized by an economic dualism, in other words, by the coexistence of a... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Urban-rural linkages; Poverty; China; India; Food Security and Poverty; International Development. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59598 |
| |
|
| |
| Registros recuperados: 15 | |
|
|
|
